加纳家庭的冰箱电力和用水情况Access to refrigerator, electricity and water in Ghana

The bar chart illustrates the proportion of Ghanaian households, classified by poverty status, that had access to electricity, refrigerators, and water in 1991/1992 compared with 1998/1999. Overall, non-poor households enjoyed far greater access to all three basic amenities than very poor or poor families, while in some cases, access for the lower-income groups actually declined over the period. In the early 1990s, only about 3% of the very poor had refrigerators, even though nearly 48% of them were connected to electricity. Interestingly, by 1998/99, that figure fell sharply to around 34%. Water access for this group was more promising as it increased modestly from roughly 55% to 57%. Among the “poor” category (just above the very poor), refrigerator access dropped from 11% to 7% over time. Their electricity connection also deteriorated slightly, but water access remained stable at roughly 69% throughout the period. In contrast, non-poor or affluent households made clear gains. Access to electricity rose from around 73% to 85% in seven years, while their water access also increased slightly. Refrigerator ownership among this wealthier group likewise improved over time, reflecting a widening inequality. As the rich gained more in terms of basic utilities, the poorest either stagnated or lost ground in certain areas.